Vietnam Perspective

by

Retired Lt. Gen. James Link, U.S. Army, former
commander of Redstone Arsenal, delivered this address at the break fast
commemorating the arrival in Huntsville, Alabama of the traveling Vietnam
Veterans Memorial Wall.

Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, distinguished guests, fellow veterans, and
especially fellow veterans of the war in Vietnam. It is indeed a tremendous
honor for me to stand before you this morning as we come together to
remember fallen comrades, MIAs/POWs and a very important time in our lives.
A time of war, a time of conflict not only in Southeast Asia, but throughout
our nation. Indeed a time that has shaped our national consciousness, and
for we veterans, a time which forged a sense of self that in many ways
defines us still today. Lest we forget, how then do we remember? How do we
honor those who did not come home, or came home broken and bent in both body
and spirit?

I remember when the architectural design of the Vietnam War Memorial Wall
was first proposed. Many of us recoiled at the thought of a ditch on the
Mall, listing nothing more than the names of those who paid the ultimate
sacrifice. Surely, this was yet one more insult hurled at those who had
answered the call to serve their nation rather than serve themselves. But
that wall has transcended all things political and overcome controversy, as
it reaches out to us who served, and even those who did not serve, while
deeply touching all of us who lost comrades, friends, neighbors and loved
ones during that troubled time.



The mystery of the wall is found in its majestic simplicity. Panels of black
stone that hold not only the names of those killed, but in its mirror-like
finish, the faces of all of us who come to witness its solemn statement. In
that reflection, we are made one with the monument, we join its essence, and
are consumed by images behind the names.



Images of young men, their lives cut short, their personal sacrifices often
unrecorded, their selfless service, unflinching courage, and the unique love
and caring that is shared by comrades in arms. It is the wound on our
National Mall that never heals, but it does serve to soothe the deep scars
on those of us who carry heavy memories, and for some perhaps a little guilt
for having been the ones fortunate enough to return to "the world."



As this Memorial travels around the country it invariably brings with it a
lot of discussion and perhaps even rekindled old arguments about the Vietnam
War. The arrival of the Vietnam Memorial Wall in Huntsville provides an
opportunity for us to reflect on this important period in our individual
lives and our nation's history. Of course, there are those who might say we
veterans are still too close to the heat of battle, too burdened by personal
experiences to make objective judgments about the Vietnam War. To that, I
say Bull!



I've grown weary of those in the media, academia and the entertainment
industry, who would purport to speak for us, or to try to define us a bunch
of hair-trigger psychopaths on the verge of insanity or some unspeakable
violence. We who were actually there know what we saw, and we know what we
did. Each of us is just one of the millions who proudly served, having done
our duty with honor. I see little of what I experienced reflected in Oliver
Stone's movies. I personally think Oliver donated a few too many of his
brain cells to his drug use. In my view, movies like "Apocalypse Now" are
nothing more than a collection of psychotic experiences made up in Hollywood
bearing scant resemblance to the reality we experienced. You and I can
certainly recognize the difference between artistic license and a lie, can't
we!



America's involvement in Vietnam lasted for thirteen years, from 1960 to
1973. Of course the result was not victory at all. Not even a cease-fire or
a demilitarized strip of land between North and South as happened in Korea.
Just negotiated terms allowing the United States of America to "withdraw
with honor." Whatever that meant. So we didn't return home to victory
parades and kisses in Times Square.



Most of us were just another passenger aboard a chartered airliner (mine was
a Braniff Airlines Boeing 707) painted a heinous green color. What a
beautiful sight! Others came home in Air Force cargo planes to be dumped at
some military base usually in the middle of the night. Remember, we came
home to antipathy and in many cases to antagonism. We were told to quickly
get out of our uniforms in order to avoid confrontations on city streets.
No wonder it has taken so long for many of us to even want to talk about the
war. But talk we must for we are living witnesses, and if we are silent
others will continue to spin a version of the truth that best suits their
personal agenda. We must dispel the myths that have grown up around the War,
and there are so many. Those of us who served must debunk these myths at
every opportunity, and today is one of those.



The first myth is that the armed forces of the United States suffered a
major military defeat in Vietnam. Our forces were never defeated in terrible
battles where our soldiers and Marines suffered awful casualties, like Dak
To and Hamburger Hill, and our airmen suffered too, many killed and captured
in the air campaign, but the war was not lost as a result of these battles.
In fact, where we found the enemy we defeated him.



After the Tet Offensive in 1968, the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese
operating in the south, were so soundly defeated that they could not launch
another major offensive until 1972. That didn't deter the North Vietnamese,
since they were willing to lose the war on the battlefield, they were after
victory in the minds of the American people.



Perhaps we could have won a military victory, but it would have taken many
more than the 500,000 troops we had in Vietnam at the height of the war.
Besides, by 1969, public opinion in the United States wanted us out of
Vietnam. The role of the media in deciding this issue has been the subject
of many books and articles, so I won't go into that here. I will say I don't
believe the media caused us to lose the war, although some in the press were
trying their best to make it so. Those of you who attended the AUSA
Conference in Washington this year will recall General Weyand's remarks
while accepting the George C. Marshall Award.



Following Tet 1968, he was interviewed by Walter Cronkite in the Mekong
Delta following the resounding defeat of enemy forces there by the U.S.
military, including U.S. Navy Riverine Forces. Walter acknowledged the
victory, but told General Weyand he preferred to report on the thousands of
Vietnamese he had seen being put in mass graves in Hue after Tet.



In reporting this rather than any American victory, he said he hoped to
bring a quicker end to the war. It didn't seem to bother Mr. Cronkite that
the bodies were those of South Vietnamese brutally killed by the North
Vietnamese during Tet. Nor did it seem to bother him that he had compromised
his own objectivity and integrity in reporting the war.



Of course, we who have dedicated our lives defending the Constitution
against all enemies foreign and domestic certainly support all its
provisions to include the First Amendment. I just hope what we saw in the
press in Vietnam and still see today isn't as good as it gets. Our nation
deserves better. The second myth is that somehow the soldiers in Vietnam
were very different from those who served in World War II. The myth purports
that the Vietnam soldier was much younger, poorly educated, forced to go to
war against his will. It is often claimed that they disproportionately came
from minority groups, while their better-off social superiors dodged the
draft and stayed safe at home out of harm's way. The truth is, of course,
different.



The average age of the soldiers in Vietnam was just under 23 compared to
around 25 in World War II where mass conscription prevailed. The enlisted
soldier in Vietnam was actually better educated: 79 percent had completed
high school as opposed to just 24 percent in World War II. In Vietnam, 20
percent of the enlisted men had college degrees, three times the number in
the Second World War. In a democracy, even your jeep driver may be better
educated than you. As far as social representation, studies have shown that
blacks and Hispanics were actually slightly underrepresented compared to
their percentage of the total population.



For instance, African-Americans comprised 13.1 percent of the age group
subject to the military, they comprised 12.6 percent of the armed forces,
and represented 12.2 percent of the casualties.



In 1992 a study looked at the 58,000 Americans killed in Vietnam and found
that 30 percent came from families in the lowest third of the income range
while 26 percent came from the highest. Not much of a disparity when you
look at the facts. A third myth is that draft evasion was rampant during the
Vietnam era and higher than in World War II. Not so. During the Vietnam War
about half a million men were draft dodgers, and I bet you know some of
their names! Only about 9,000 cases were actually prosecuted, and very few
ever served prison time. In World War II, 350,000 were prosecuted for draft
evasion and many went to prison.



It is interesting to note that during Vietnam 10,000 Americans went to
Canada, but up to 30,000 Canadians joined the U.S. armed forces, and of
those 10,000 served in Vietnam.



We all know cowardice in the face of the draft is not a new phenomenon, but
during Vietnam it became an art form. More importantly, draft dodgers made
themselves out to be ethical and moral, while those of us who served were
made out to be morally inferior, stupid, or just unlucky. The radical left
on our campuses had a clear goal of transforming the shame of the
self-serving and the fearful into the guilt of the courageous. A fourth myth
is that casualties were disproportionately higher for enlisted men than for
officers. Actually, while officers killed in action accounted for 13.5
percent of those who died in Vietnam, they comprised only 12 percent of the
troop strength.



Proportionally, more officers were killed in Vietnam than in World War II.
In Vietnam, we lost twice as many company commanders as we did platoon
leaders, confirming in the Vietnam War that leaders led from the front.



Another interesting fact you can use to debunk a popular myth is that
volunteers, not draftees, accounted for the majority (77 percent) of combat
deaths in Vietnam. How many of those do you think were 18 year olds? Just
101, or less than one tenth of one percent of all those killed.



Well, there are many other myths we could talk about, but instead I'd like
to remind you of the humor that accompanied American soldiers in this war,
as it has all the others.



I suspect many of you remember the time honored Murphy's Laws of Combat:



* Don't look conspicuous . . . it draws fire.



* If it's stupid, but it works, it's not stupid.



* If your attack is going really well, it's an ambush.



* When you have secured an area, don't forget to tell the enemy.



* Friendly fire . . . isn't.



* Anything you do can get you shot, including doing nothing.



* Never share a foxhole with someone braver than you are.



* A sucking chest wound is just nature's way of telling you to slow down.



* The buddy system is key to your survival . . . it gives the enemy someone
else to shoot at.



* It's not the one with your name on it you need to worry about, it's the
one addressed: ''To whom it may concern.''



Remember, nine million men and women served in the military during the 13
years of the war, and three million of those served in the Vietnam theater.
Two thirds of those who saw duty in Vietnam were volunteers and 77 percent
of those who died were volunteers. Our American citizen-soldier performed
with a tenacity and quality that may never be fully appreciated or truly
understood. Should anyone think the war was conducted in an incompetent
manner, should look at the numbers: Hanoi admits to 1.4 million of its
soldiers killed on the battlefield compared to our 58,000, and about 250,000
South Vietnamese.



And if someone tries to convince you that Vietnam was "a dirty little war",
where Air Force and Navy bombs did all the work, you might remind them that
this was the most costly war the grunts of the U.S. Marines Corps ever
fought -- five times as many dead as in World War I, three times as many
dead as in Korea, and more total killed and wounded that in all of World War
II. To the Vietnam veterans here today, and to all those whose name appears
on the Wall, I say you are all heroes. Heroes who faced the issues of this
war, including your own possible death, and after weighing those concerns
against your obligation to your country, you decided to serve with honor.



In the words of a timeless phrase found on the Confederate Memorial in
Arlington Cemetery, "not for fame or reward, not for place or for rank, but
in simple obedience to duty, as they understood it." I ask each of you to
treat each other with the dignity and respect you have earned.



Reach out and welcome a fellow Vietnam veteran home. God bless each of you,
and may God continue to bless this America we love and serve.